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The SPAD S.XIII was a French biplane fighter aircraft of World War I, developed by ''Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés'' (SPAD) from the earlier highly successful SPAD S.VII. It was one of the most capable fighters of the war, and one of the most-produced, with 8,472 built and orders for around 10,000 more cancelled at the Armistice.〔Sharpe 2000, p. 272.〕 ==Design and development== The SPAD S.VII was a single-seat fighter aircraft powered by a Hispano-Suiza 8A water cooled V-8 engine and armed with a single synchronised Vickers machine gun. It demonstrated excellent performance for the time, and entered service with the French ''Aéronautique Militaire'' in August 1916.〔Bruce ''Air Enthusiast'' Fifteen, pp. 58–60.〕 By early 1917, however it had been surpassed by the latest German fighters, leading French flying ace Georges Guynemer to lobby for an improved version telling the SPAD designer Louis Béchereau that "The 150 hp SPAD is not a match for the Halberstadt ... More speed is needed."〔Bruce ''Air International'' May 1976, p. 240.〕 An initial solution was to increase the compression ratio of the Hispano-Suiza engine, increasing its power to , which gave significantly improved performance, allowing the SPAD S.VII to remain competitive,〔Bruce ''Air Enthusiast'' Fifteen, pp. 61–62.〕 but Hispano-Suiza were developing a geared version of the 8A engine, which would produce greater power, and this engine was chosen by Béchereau for two new fighter aircraft. First to fly was the S.XII, armed with a 37 mm cannon firing through the propeller shaft. This saw limited use, but was followed into production by the more conventionally armed S.XIII.〔Bruce ''Air International'' May 1976, pp. 240–242.〕 The S.XIII was of similar layout to the S.VII, i.e. a single engined biplane of mainly wooden construction with fabric covering,〔Andrews 1965, pp. 7–8.〕 but was generally larger and heavier. Armament was two Vickers machine guns with 400 rounds per gun replacing the single gun of the earlier aircraft.〔Bruce ''Air International'' June 1976, p. 289.〕 Powerplant was a geared Hispano-Suiza engine, at first a 8Ba giving ,〔 but in later aircraft a high-compression 8Bc or 8Be delivering .〔Bruce ''Air International'' June 1976, p. 292.〕 The sum of these improvements was a notable improvement in flight and combat performance. It was faster than its main contemporaries, the British Sopwith Camel and the German Fokker D.VII, and its relatively higher power-to-weight ratio gave it a good rate of climb. The SPAD was renowned for its speed and strength in a dive, although the maneuverability of the type was relatively poor and the aircraft was difficult to control at low speeds: needing to be landed with power on, unlike contemporary fighters like the Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5 which could be landed with power off.〔 While giving the Spad XIII outstanding performance, the geared engines proved to be unreliable, suffering from poor lubrication and vibration. This significantly and severely affected serviceability, with it being stated in November 1917, that the Spad S.XIII was "incapable of giving dependable service". Even in April 1918, an official report stated that two-thirds of the 200 hp SPADs were out of use at any one time due to engine problems.〔Bruce ''Air International'' June 1976, p. 291.〕 At least one US observer believed at the time that the French were giving the US SPAD XIII squadrons lower quality engines from their least favored manufacturers while keeping the best for themselves. The problems with the engine were considered a worthy price to pay for the improved performance, however,〔Bruce ''Air International'' June 1976, p. 293.〕 and as time went by, improved build quality and changes to the engine design led to increased serviceability.〔Bruce et al. 1969, p. 9.〕 In the last few months of the war, fearing a shortage of Vickers guns, US Spad XIII squadrons began replacing their Vickers .303 machine guns with .30/06-calibre Marlin M1917 and M1918 aircraft machine guns.〔Bruce ''Air International'' June 1976, p. 312.〕〔Maurer 1978, pp. 146–147.〕 By the end of the war about one half of the aircraft in US service had been converted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「SPAD S.XIII」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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